{
  "id": "world-bank-environment",
  "title": "Air pollution exposure in Thailand (World Bank)",
  "kind": "published",
  "description": "Mean annual exposure to PM2.5 air pollution in Thailand, in micrograms per cubic metre, from the World Bank's World Development Indicators (source: Global Burden of Disease modelled estimates).",
  "citation": {
    "publisher": "ThailandStats",
    "url": "https://thailandstats.com/datasets/world-bank-environment",
    "originalSource": "world-bank-wdi"
  },
  "sourceDataset": "World Development Indicators: PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3)",
  "sourceUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0037712/World-Development-Indicators",
  "frequency": "annual",
  "retrievedAt": "2026-09-24",
  "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-07-13",
  "processedAt": "2026-09-24",
  "licence": "CC BY 4.0 (World Bank)",
  "methodology": "EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3: Population-weighted exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution is defined as the average level of exposure of a nation's population to concentrations of suspended particles measuring less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter, which are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing severe health damage. Exposure is calculated by weighting mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 by population in both urban and rural areas.",
  "notes": [
    "World Bank WDI figures are revised when the World Bank or the underlying national and UN sources revise them; the retrieval date is shown.",
    "PM2.5 exposure is a population-weighted modelled estimate combining satellite data, chemical transport models and ground monitors; it is a national annual average and does not show seasonal peaks or local hotspots."
  ],
  "sourceReleases": [
    {
      "id": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3",
      "title": "World Bank WDI EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3: PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)",
      "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/THA/indicator/EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3?format=json&per_page=100&date=1960:2100",
      "pageUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3?locations=TH",
      "asAt": "2026-07-13",
      "retrievedAt": "2026-09-24",
      "sha256": "e6782c3931d4798868253a41cef11c7042ccf9937649480bd4199a49f154a563"
    }
  ],
  "observations": [
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "1990",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 38.2427030854435,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "1991",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 37.3949457434287,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "1992",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 36.9641397363884,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "1993",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 36.533333729348,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "1994",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 36.1025277223077,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "1995",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 34.837819045317,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "1996",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 35.240915708227,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "1997",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 34.8101097011867,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "1998",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 34.3793036941463,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "1999",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 33.948497687106,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2000",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 33.9346430150406,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2001",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 32.9849617599958,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2002",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 34.0594154863525,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2003",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 32.5589750251249,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2004",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 35.0034611208502,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2005",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 34.0368087733727,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2006",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 29.0446114632451,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2007",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 26.5105037645092,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2008",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 26.6273476038881,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2009",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 25.5792468018629,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2010",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 25.8042171209315,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2011",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 27.0474933399381,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2012",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 25.20956576309,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2013",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 27.2432017118297,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2014",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 25.7011739015786,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2015",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 23.6111245475447,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2016",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 25.8740486993818,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2017",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 22.881037534554,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2018",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 24.511740416507,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2019",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 23.9611072205444,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2020",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 25.1774583777729,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2021",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 23.8087317782197,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2022",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 23.7248825508583,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    },
    {
      "metric": "pm25-exposure",
      "period": "2023",
      "geography": "TH",
      "value": 23.4870743016258,
      "status": "estimate",
      "snapshot": "wdi-en-atm-pm25-mc-m3"
    }
  ]
}